The basics of handling files are simple: you associate a filehandle with an external entity (usually a file) and then use a variety of operators and functions within Perl to read and update the data stored within the data stream associated with the filehandle.

A filehandle is a named internal Perl structure that associates a physical file with a name. All filehandles are capable of read/write access, so you can read from and update any file or device associated with a filehandle. However, when you associate a filehandle, you can specify the mode in which the filehandle is opened.

Three basic file handles are - STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR.

Opening and Closing Files

There are following two functions with multiple forms which can be used to open any new or existing file in Perl.

open FILEHANDLE, EXPR
open FILEHANDLE
sysopen FILEHANDLE, FILENAME, MODE, PERMS
sysopen FILEHANDLE, FILENAME, MODE

Here FILEHANDLE is the file handle returned by open function and EXPR is the expression having file name and mode of opening the file.

Following is the syntax to open file.txt in read-only mode. Here less than < signe indicates that file has to be opend in read-only mode

open(DATA, "<file.txt");

Here DATA is the file handle which will be used to read the file. Here is the example which will open a file and will print its content over the screen.

#!/usr/bin/perl

open(DATA, "<file.txt");

while(<DATA>)
{
   print "$_";
}

Open Function

Following is the syntax to open file.txt in writing mode. Here less than > signe indicates that file has to be opend in writing mode

open(DATA, ">file.txt");

This example actually truncates (empties) the file before opening it for writing, which may not be the desired effect. If you want to open a file for reading and writing, you can put a plus sign before the > or < characters.

For example, to open a file for updating without truncating it:

open(DATA, "+<file.txt");

To truncate the file first:

open DATA, "+>file.txt" or die "Couldn't open file file.txt, $!";

You can open a file in append mode. In this mode writing point will be set to the end of the file

open(DATA,">>file.txt") || die "Couldn't open file file.txt, $!";

A double >> opens the file for appending, placing the file pointer at the end, so that you can immediately start appending information. However, you can.t read from it unless you also place a plus sign in front of it:

open(DATA,"+>>file
.txt") || die "Couldn't open file file.txt, $!";

Following is the table which gives possible values of different modes

Entities Definition
< or r  Read Only Access
> or w  Creates, Writes, and Truncates
>> or a  Writes, Appends, and Creates
+< or r+ Reads and Writes
+> or w+ Reads, Writes, Creates, and Truncates
+>> or a+ Reads, Writes, Appends, and Creates

Sysopen Function

The sysopen function is similar to the main open function, except that it uses the systemopen() function, using the parameters supplied to it as the parameters for the system function:

For example, to open a file for updating, emulating the +<filename format from open:

sysopen(DATA, "file.txt", O_RDWR);

or to truncate the file before updating:

sysopen(DATA, "file.txt", O_RDWR|O_TRUNC );

You can use O_CREAT to create a new file and O_WRONLY- to open file in write only mode and O_RDONLY - to open file in read only mode.

The PERMS argument specifies the file permissions for the file specified if it has to be created. By default it takes 0x666

Following is the table which gives possible values of MODE

Value  Definition
O_RDWR  Read and Write
O_RDONLY Read Only
O_WRONLY Write Only
O_CREAT  Create the file
O_APPEND Append the file
O_TRUNC  Truncate the file
O_EXCL  Stops if file already exists
O_NONBLOCK Non-Blocking usability

Close Function

To close a filehandle, and therefore disassociate the filehandle from the corresponding file, you use the close function. This flushes the filehandle's buffers and closes the system's file descriptor.

close FILEHANDLE
close

If no FILEHANDLE is specified, then it closes the currently selected filehandle. It returns true only if it could successfully flush the buffers and close the file.

close(DATA) || die "Couldn't close file properly";

Reading and Writing Filehandles

Once you have an open filehandle, you need to be able to read and write information. There are a number of different ways of reading and writing data into the file.

The <FILEHANDL> Operator

The main method of reading the information from an open filehandle is the <FILEHANDLE> operator. In a scalar context it returns a single line from the filehandle. For example:

#!/usr/bin/perl

print "What is your name?n";
$name = <STDIN>;
print "Hello $namen";

When you use the <FILEHANDLE> operator in a list context, it returns a list of lines from the specified filehandle. For example, to import all the lines from a file into an array:

#!/usr/bin/perl

open(DATA,"<import.txt") or d

ie "Can't open data";
@lines = <DATA>;
close(DATA);

getc Function

The getc function returns a single character from the specified FILEHANDLE, or STDIN if none is specified:

getc FILEHANDLE
getc

If there was an error, or the filehandle is at end of file, then undef is returned instead.

read Function

The read function reads a block of information from the buffered filehandle: This function is used to read binary data from the file.

read FILEHANDLE, SCALAR, LENGTH, OFFSET
read FILEHANDLE, SCALAR, LENGTH

The length of the data read is defined by LENGTH, and the data is placed at the start of SCALAR if no OFFSET is specified. Otherwise data is placed after OFFSET bytes in SCALAR. The function returns the number of bytes read on success, zero at end of file, or undef if there was an error.

print Function

For all the different methods used for reading information from filehandles, the main function for writing information back is the print function.

print FILEHANDLE LIST
print LIST
print

The print function prints the evaluated value of LIST to FILEHANDLE, or to the current output filehandle (STDOUT by default). For example:

print "Hello World!n";

Copying Files

Here is the example which opens an existing file file1.txt and read it line by line and generate another copy file2.txt

#!/usr/bin/perl

# Open file to read
open(DATA1, "<file1.txt");

# Open new file to write
open(DATA2, ">file2.txt");

# Copy data from one file to another.
while(<DATA1>)
{
   print DATA2 $_;
}
close( DATA1 );
close( DATA2 );

Renaming a file

Here is an example which shows how we can rename a file file1.txt to file2.txt. Assuming file is available in /usr/test directory.

#!/usr/bin/perl

rename ("/usr/test/file1.txt", "/usr/test/file2.txt" );

This function rename takes two arguments and it just rename existing file

Deleting an exiting file

Here is an example which shows how to delete a file file1.txt using unlink function.

#!/usr/bin/perl

unlink ("/usr/test/file1.txt");

Locating Your Position Within a File

You can use to tell function to know the current position of a file and seek function to point a particular position inside the file.

tell Function

The first requirement is to find your position within a file, which you do using the
tell function:

tell FILEHANDLE
tell

This returns the position of the file pointer, in bytes, within FILEHANDLE if specified, or the current default selected filehandle if none is specified.

seek Function

The seek function positions the file pointer to the specified number of bytes within a file:

seek FILEHANDLE, POSITION, WHENCE

The function uses the fseek system function, and you have the same ability to position relative to three different points: the start, the end, and the current position. You do this by specifying a value for WHENCE.

Zero sets the positioning relative to the start of the file. For example, the line sets the file pointer to the 256th byte in the file.

seek DATA, 256, 0;

Getting File Information

You can test certain features very quickly within Perl using a series of test operators known collectively as -X tests.

For example, to perform a quick test of the various permissions on a file, you might use a script like this:

#/usr/bin/perl


my (@description,$size);
if (-e $file)
{
   push @description, 'binary' if (-B _);
   push @description, 'a socket' if (-S _);
   push @description, 'a text file' if (-T _);
   push @description, 'a block special file' if (-b _);
   push @description, 'a character special file' if (-c _);
   push @description, 'a directory' if (-d _);
   push @description, 'executable' if (-x _);
   push @description, (($size = -s _)) ? "$size bytes" : 'empty';
   print "$file is ", join(', ',@description),"n";
}

Here is the list of features which you can check for a file

Operator Description
-A  Age of file (at script startup) in days since modification.
-B  Is it a binary file?
-C  Age of file (at script startup) in days since modification.
-M  Age of file (at script startup) in days since modification.
-O  Is the file owned by the real user ID?
-R  Is the file readable by the real user ID or real group?
-S  Is the file a socket?
-T  Is it a text file?
-W  Is the file writable by the real user ID or real group?
-X  Is the file executable by the real user ID or real group?
-b  Is it a block special file?
-c  Is it a character special file?
-d  Is the file a directory?
-e  Does the file exist?
-f  Is it a plain file?
-g  Does the file have the setgid bit set?
-k  Does the file have the sticky bit set?
-l  Is the file a symbolic link?
-o  Is the file owned by the effective user ID?
-p  Is the file a named pipe?
-r  Is the file readable by the effective user or group ID?
-s  Returns the size of the file, zero size = empty file. 
-t  Is the filehandle opened by a TTY (terminal)?
-u  Does the file have the setuid bit set?
-w  Is the file writable by the effective user or group ID?
-x  Is the file executable by the effective user or group ID?
-z  Is the file size zero?

Working with Directories

Following are the standard functions used to play with directories.

opendir DIRHANDLE, EXPR  # To open a directory
readdir DIRHANDLE        # To read a directory
rewinddir DIRHANDLE      # Positioning pointer to the begining
telldir DIRHANDLE        # Returns current position of the dir
seekdir DIRHANDLE, POS   # Pointing pointer to POS inside dir
closedir DIRHANDLE       # Closing a directory.

Here is an example which opens a directory and list out all the files available inside this directory.

#!/usr/bin/perl

opendir (DIR, '.') or die "Couldn't open directory, $!";
while ($file = readdir DIR)
{
  print "$filen";
}
closedir DIR;

Another example to print the list of C source code files, you might use

#!/usr/bin/perl

opendir(DIR, '.') or die "Couldn't open directory, $!";
foreach (sort grep(/^.*.c$/,readdir(DIR)))
{
   print "$_n";
}
closedir DIR;

You can make a new directory using the mkdir function:

To remove a directory, use the rmdir function:

To change the directory you can use chdir function.

Hacking Tutorials

PERL Files & I/O